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Lots of other Scientologist-run companies and companies come from the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses the usage of Hubbard's management doctrines, and circulates directories of WISE-affiliated companies. WISE needs those who want to become Hubbard management seeks advice from to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This section requires expansion. You can assist by adding to it. In order to assist in the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the type of powerful or reputable people. Perth Scientology. Though it has actually achieved some reliability as a religious beliefs in many nations, Scientology has actually likewise been explained as both a cult and a business enterprise.
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For instance, it has been noted to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Fair Game individuals it perceives as its enemies. In 1979, several Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of federal government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise convicted of scams, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, harmful libel versus lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be perceived as "threatening to developed social organizations".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was integrated in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the IRS stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were business and operated for the advantage of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, however its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 countries by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost consistently for 26 years trying to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, their explanation at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had actually initially demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit company.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in items for the inbound Barack Obama administration to investigate, as identified in an internet survey run by the presidential transition group obtaining public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue review Hubbard to take control of certain elements of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was created with its head workplace situated at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology. Under The Guardian's Office (later on renamed the Workplace of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later organized and devoted among the largest penetration of United States federal agencies ever perpetrated by an organization not associated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The crime devoted by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope previously unheard of. No structure, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and spying. No person or organization was complimentary from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past utilized aggressive strategies in attending to those it sees as trying to suppress them, referred to as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) initially detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Church of Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Using blank paper understood to have actually been managed by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb hazards in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which could have sent Cooper to prison for a lengthy term. The more info here Church's plan was discovered at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.